OD600 measures all light-scattering particles and does not equate to the number of viable bacteria. The optical method tracks growth trends, while the capacitance method quantifies the number of viable cells. The two methods complement each other and each

Energy conservation in aerobic fermentation focuses on optimizing the coordination of agitation and aeration, on-demand oxygen supply, and temperature control strategies, thereby reducing energy consumption and improving efficiency, and integrating pr

Continuous biomanufacturing overcomes the bottlenecks of batch production and drives the industry toward high efficiency and intelligence.

Analyze four types of faults, including drift and delay in the fermentation process, and propose a closed-loop solution involving calibration and installation alerts.