GLP-1 (Glucagon-like peptide-1) is a hormone secreted by intestinal cells that stimulates insulin release after meals to lower blood glucose levels.

The production of GLP-1 drugs, which are peptides comprising multiple amino acids, is complex and involves two primary methods: Bio-fermentation Synthesis and Chemical Synthesis. Both methods ultimately require downstream processes like chromatography and ultrafiltration (UF) for final drug purification and concentration adjustment.

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a novel class of therapeutics with significant potential in cancer chemotherapy. They consist of a humanized monoclonal antibody linked to a highly cytotoxic small molecule (payload) via a chemical linker.

The conjugation method is a critical determinant of the drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR). It ensures toxins are attached to the antibody uniformly and stably. Currently, there are three primary conjugation strategies: conjugation through lysine residues on the antibody surface, conjugation via cysteine residues from reduced interchain disulfide bonds, and site-specific conjugation technology.